chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person
14056 Down to
14059 A preverb is a
14060
14061 The
14080 they go before a root
14081 In the
14082 Or with other words in between.
14099 Tense replacers are flat.
14100 But
14101 The
14102
14103 The
14104 are
14105 Use second person when the verb means "you", even if the word meaning "you" is hidden.
14107 Use first person when meaning 'I'.
14108 third person otherwise
14109 What is not before a pause is in
14110 pause means stopping
^ 
headline. The words described in the next rules, down to
The nipAta are unchanging, because rule svarAdi says so.
These are some of the nipAta --
ca vA
These are nipAta because they are listed in the
The preverbs, too, are nipAta.
KAZIKA adhirIzvare iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd avadheryAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH, nipAtasaMjJAste veditavyAH. vakSyati cAdayo 'sattve
^ 
(See also List of preverbs .)
Preverbs work like the English little words "up, on, down, at, with" that we find after English verbs in "come up, come in, carry out, go on, come up with, look at, come on", or before the verb in "understand, foresee, ongoing". In Sanskrit they are nearly always attached in front of the verb, but sometimes they can be at the other end of the sentence.
Like in English, the prAdi can change the meaning of the basic verb logically, randomly, or not at all.
Examples. The preverb ava is said to have the basic meanings "down, away".
So these meanings look logical --
But these others, not so much --
Also, the preverb AG has the basic meaning "towards here", so we say quite logically --
Yet, in this case, AG does not change the meaning at all --
Therefore, sometimes you can figure out the meaning of a root with a preverb just from the meaning of the root and the meaning of the preverb. But other times you cannot, and then you have to look for the preverbed root in a dictionary.
However, dictionaries do not cover all the combinations of preverb and root that have ever been used, so you should really check the list of preverbs .
In the epics, many preverbs appear to be used as verse fillers. So when you find a verb form such as
KAZIKA prAdayaH kriyA-yoge upasarga-saMjJA bhavanti. praNayati. pariNayati. praNAyakaH. pariNAyakaH. kriyA-yoge iti kim? pragato nAyako 'smAd dezAt, pra-nAyako dezaH. marucchAbdasya ca upasaGkhyAnam kartavyam. marudbhir datto marutaH. saMjJA-vidhAna-sAmarthyAdana-janta-tve 'pi aca upasargAt taH
^ 
Rule teprAgdhAtoH explains that the gati are things that must be compounded in front of a verb root. All gati are words.
So this rule says that every preverb must be placed in front of a root, or in front of a root that already has a preverb in front of it.
Most compounds are made by joining noun plus noun or unchanging plus noun, you can't usually compound anything in front of a verb. But there are three situations in which something must be compounded in front of a verb --
(1) By this rule, gatizca , a preverb may be compounded in front of a verb --
(2) by the rules below this one, some nouns, such as the cvi-enders, must be compounded in front of a verb made from kR bhU as plus any tense --
(3) by kRJcA and other rules, the Am''-enders must be compounded in front of an auxiliary ( verb made from kR bhU as plus liT) --
KAZIKA gati-saMjJakAz ca prA'dayo bhavanti kriyAyoge. prakRtya. prakRtam. yat prakaroti. yoga-vibhAga uttarArthaH. uttaratra gati-saMjJA eva yathA syAt. upasarga-saMjJA mA bhUt. UrIsyAtity atra [upasargaprAdurbhyAm astir yacparaH]
^
All of these are gati, that is, they must be compounded in front of an action.
By action I mean any word made from kR bhU as -- such as
Example with an
as
Example with a cvi-ender (
Example with a DAc-ender (
KAZIKA UryAdayaH zabdAH cvyantA DajantAzca kriyAyoge gatisaMjJA bhavanti. cviDAcoH kRbhvastiyoge vidhanam. tatsAhacaryAdUryAdInAm api taireva yoge gatisaMjJA vidhIyate. UrIurarIzabdAvaGgIkarane vistAre ca. UrIkRtya. UrIkRtam. yadurIkaroti. urarIkRtya. urarIkRtam. yadurarIkaroti. pApI. tAlI. AttAlI. vetAlI. dhUsI. zakalA. saMzaklA. dhvaMsakalA. bhraMzakalA. ete zakalAdayo hiMsAyam. zakalAkRtya. saMzakalAkRtya. dhvaMsakalAkRtya. bhraMzakalAkRtya. gulugudha pIDArthe gulugudhAkRtya. sujUHsahArthe sajUHkRtya. phalU, phalI, viklI, AklI iti vikAre phalU kRtya. phalI kRtya. viklI kRtya. AlooSTI. karalI. kevAlI. zevAlI. varSAlI. masmasA. masamasA. ete hiMsAyAm. vaSaT. vauSaT. zrauSaT. svAhA. svadhA. vandhA. prAdus. zrut. Avis. cvy-antAH khalv api zuklIkRtya. zuklIkRtam. yacchuklIkaroti. DAc paTapaTAkrRtya. paTapaTAkRtam. yatpaTapaTakaroti.
^ 
The gati (the things described in the preceding rules since gatizca), and the preverbs, must be placed before a root.
This means that they must be compounded in front of a verb, or in front of a verb that has a preverb in front.
For examples, see the previous rules.
KAZIKA te gaty-upasarga-saMjJakA dhAtoH prAk prayoktavyAH. tathA caivodAhRtAH. te-grahaNam upasarg%Artham. gatayo hy anantarAH.
The next two rules are vedic exceptions.
^ 
In the veda, the gati and the preverbs can be after the verb.
For instance, Rgveda 1.2.6 has
KAZIKA prAk prayoge prapte chandasi pare 'pi abhyanujJAyante. chandasi viSaye gatyupasargasaMjJakAH pre 'pi pUrve 'pi prayoktavyAH. na ca preSAM prayujyamAnAnAM saMjJAkAryaM kiJcidasti. kevalaM praprayoge 'pi kriyAyoge eSAm asti iti jJApyate. yAti ni hastinA, niyAti hastinA. hanti ni muSTinA, nihanti muSTinA.
^
For instance, the veda has --
where the preverb pra "out" is linked by sense to the root
Because of rule teprAgdhAtoH, in the laukika we must compound the pra in front of the verb root --
Notice that pra is a word, so its
KAZIKA vyavahitAz ca gaty-upasarga-saMjJakAH chandasi dRzyante A mandrairindra haribhir yAhi mayUraromabhiH. A yAhi.
^ 
There are eleven flat affixes. They are:
the first nine of the tiG, that replace all tenses --
and zatR, that replaces laT (by laTazza ) and lRT (by lRTassadvA),
and kvasu, that sometimes replaces liT in the veda.
The flat affixes always mean the doer.
See exception taGAnAvAtmanepadam below.
KAZIKA laH iti SaSThI AdezApekSA. lA'dezAH parasmaipada-saMjJA bhavanti. tip, tas, jhi . sip, thas, tha. mip, vas, mas. zatR-kvasU ca parasmaipada-pradezAH sici vRddhiH parasmaipadeSu ity evam AdayaH.
^
Exception to the previous rule tense replacers are flat .
There are eleven bent affixes:
The nine taG, from ta to mahi, that replace all tenses --
and the two
and kAnac, that replaces liT in the veda.
All eleven can mean the doer or not.
KAZIKA taGiti pratyAhAro navAnAm vacanAnAm. AnaH iti zAnackAnacorgrahanam. pUrveNa parasmaipadasaMjJAyAM prAptAyAM taGAnayorAtmanepadasaMjJA vidhIyate. ta, AtAm, jha. thAs, AthAm, dhvam. iT, vahi, mahiG. AnahH khalvapi zAnackAnacau. laH ityeva, katIha nighnAnAH. AtmanepadapradezAH anudAttaGita Atmanepadam ityevam AdayaH.
^
This means that --
tiptasjhi -- are third person 3
sipthastha -- are second person 2
mibvasmas -- are first person 1
tAtAJjha -- are third person 3
thAsAthAndhvam -- are second person 2
iDvahimahiG -- are first person 1
Rules yuSmadyu ff teach when to use each person.
Example. Suppose we have to say "y'all monkeys jumped", with plu + laG.
Rule lasya says that we have to replace laG with one of the eighteen tiG.
Rule anudAttaGi says that we have to use one of the nine bent, tAtAJjha thAsAthAndhvam iDvahimahiG.
This rule tiGastrINi rule (together with yuSmadyu) says that we need one of thAsAthAndhvam.
And finally, rule tAnyeka (together with bahuSu) says that we need the third affix, dhvam.
So our verb will be --
And our sentence is --
KAZIKA tiGo 'STAdaza pratyayAH. nava parasmaipadasaMjJakAH, navA'tmanepadasaMjJakAH. tatra parasmaipradeSu trayastrikAH yathAkramaM prathamamadhyamauttamasaMjJA bhavanti. tip, tas, jhi iti prathamaH. sip, thas, tha iti madyamaH. mip, vas, masiti uttamaH. AtmanepadeSu ta, AtAm, jha iti prathamaH. thAs, AthAm, dhvam iti madhyAmaH. iT, vahi, mahiGiti uttamaH. prathama-madhyam%ottama-pradezAH zeSe prathamaH ity evam AdayaH.
When you use the hyderabad conjugation tables, the appear with tip tas jhi at the top, sip thas tha in the middle, and mip vas mas at the bottom, this way --
But in the inria conjugation tables, you get the reverse order --
They use this order to agree with the Latin and Ancient Greek verb tables, which always have the first person on top. Which makes sense, because most Sanskrit students in France know enough Latin an Ancient Greek to improvise rap songs in them. But I make MY students use the hyderabad order in their verb tables, because I have made them memorize the tiptasjhi sipthastha mibvasmas lethany.
^
In the list tiptas,
...and so on down to mahi.
KAZIKA supaH tiGAM trikeSu ekavacanAdisaMjJA vihitAH. samprati supAm trikeSu vidhIyante. supazca trINi trINi padAni ekaza ekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanasaMjJAni bhavanti. su iti ekavacanam. au iti dvivacanam. jasiti bahuvacanam. evam sarvatra.
^ 
The sup too, taken one by one, are singular dual plural.
So, in the svaujas list,
...and so on down to sup'
KAZIKA tiGAM trikeSu ekavacanAdisaMjJA vihitAH. samprati supAm trikeSu vidhIyante. supazca trINi trINi padAni ekaza ekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanasaMjJAni bhavanti. su iti ekavacanam. au iti dvivacanam. jasiti bahuvacanam. evam sarvatra.
^
There are two sorts of verbs that "mean you".
(1) those that mean the doer, when the doer is "you". As in
(2) those that mean the object, when the object is "you". As in
Example of (1).
Suppose we want to say "you are cooking", addressing one person, using a verb from the root
(A) This rule says that the tense laT must be replaced with one of the six second person tiG affixes, namely one of sip thas tha thAs AthAm dhvam.
(B) As the doer is one person, rule dvyeka says that we can use only sip or thAs.
(C) As
Now,
The word that means the doer can appear in the sentence or not, so these two sentences mean the same thing --
If instead of choosing sip we choose thAs, we get --
And of course we may also say
Example of (2).
Suppose we want to say "you are being cooked", addressing one person, using a verb from the root
(A) This rule says that the tense laT must be replaced with one of the six second person tiG affixes, namely one of sip thas tha thAs AthAm dhvam.
(B) As the doer is one person, rule dvyeka says that we can use only sip or thAs.
(C) Rule bhAva;karmaNoH says that sip is out of the question, we must use thAs.
Now,
The word that means the object can appear in the sentence or not, so these two sentences mean the same thing --
This rule will not work when asmadyuttamaH can work. So, here the verbs must get the first person endings vas vahi --
Back to person.
KAZIKA lasya ity adhikRtya sAmAnyena tib-Adayo vihitAH. teSAm ayaM puruSaniyamaH kriyate. yuSmady upapade sati vyavahite cAvyavahite sati samAnAdhikaraNe samAnAbhidheye tulya-kArake sthAnini prayujyamAne 'py aprayujyamAne 'pi madhyama-puruSo bhavati. tvaM pacasi. yuvAM pacathaH. yUyaM pacatha. aprayujyamAne 'pi pacasi. pacathaH. pacatha.
^
When a verb means "I", it gets one of the six first person affixes mip vas mas iT' vahi mahi.
Example with a verb that means its doer and has "I" as doer --
Example with a verb that means its object and has "I" as object --
Of course we may also say --
Back to person.
KAZIKA uttamapuruSo niyamyate. asmadyupapade samAnAbhidheye prayujyamAne 'py aprayujyamAne 'pi uttamapuruSo bhavati. aham pacAmi. AvAm pacAvaH. vayam pacAmaH. aprayujyamAne 'pi pacAmi. pacAvaH. pacAmaH.
^
Verbs take third person tiG affixes whenever they have no reason to take second person or first person affixes.
That's why the verbs here took jhi and tip --
Back to person.
KAZIKA zeSa@ iti madhyam%ottama-viSayAd anya ucyate. yatra yuSmad-asmadI saman%AdhikaraNe upapade na staH, tatra zeSe prathama-puruSo bhavati. pacati. pacataH. pacanti.
^
A speech sound is before a pause (Skt:
Example 1.
If you say the two words
Example 2.
If you say
KAZIKA parazabdo 'tizaye vartate. saMnikarSaH pratyAsattiH. paro yaH sannikarSaH, varNAnAm ardhamAtrAkAlavyavadhAnaM, sa saMhitAsaMjJo bhavati. dadhyatra. madhvatra. saMhitApradezAH saMhitAyAm ity evam AdayaH.
^
The word
The letter that is before a pause is said to be
The difference between "before pause" and "in saMhitA" is important, because sometimes different grammatical rules apply in the two situations.
Example.
The words
Yet, that only happens when there is no pause between the two words, because rule atoro only works when the ru is in saMhitA. When we make a pause between the two words, the
KAZIKA viratiH virAmaH. viramyate 'nena iti vA virAmaH. so 'vasAnasaMjJo bhavati. dadhiM. madhuM. vRkSaH. plakSaH. avasAnapradezAH kharavasAnayor visarjanIyaH ity evam AdayaH. iti zrIjayAdityaviracitAyAM kAzikAyAM vRttau prathamAdhyAyasya caturthaH pAdaH.
chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person