14000 stem, wimpy, roles ←

chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person

→ 21003 compounds

14056 Down to rIzvara, nipAta. prAgrIzvarAnnipAtAH
14059 A preverb is a prAdi joined by sense to an action. upasargAHkriyAyoge
14060 The upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb. gatizca
14099 Tense replacers are flat. laHparasmaipadam
14100 But taG Ana are bent. taGAnAvAtmanepadam
14101 tiG, taken by threes, are third person, second person, first person tiGastrINitrINiprathamamadhyamottamAH
14102 tiG, taken one by one, are singular dual plural tAnyekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanAnyekazaH
14103 The sup too. supaH
14104 are vibhakti. vibhaktizca
14105 Use second person when the verb means "you", even if the word meaning you is hidden. yuSmadyupapadesamAnAdhikaraNesthAninyapimadhyamaH
14107 Use first person when the verb means me, even if the word meaning me is hidden. asmadyuttamaH
14108 third person otherwise zeSeprathamaH
14109 What is not before a pause is in saMhitA. parassannikarSassaMhitA
14110 pause means stopping virAmovasAnam




 

prAg rIzvarAn@ nipAtAH ONPANINI 14056
Down to rIzvara, nipAta.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 143

headline. The words described in the next rules, down to 14097 adhirIzvare, are called nipAta.

The nipAta are unchanging, because rule svarAdi says so.

These are some of the nipAta --

ca vA ha aha eva evam nUnam zazvat yugapat bhUyaH cet kaccit hanta alam vaSaT

These are nipAta because they are listed in the cAdiH class (see ashtadhyayidotcom gaNapATha , group three).

The preverbs, too, are nipAta.




 

upasargAH kriyA-yoge ONPANINI 14059
A preverb (or upasarga) is a prAdi joined by sense to an action.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 144

(See also List of preverbs .)

Preverbs work like the English little words "up, on, down, at, with" that we find after English verbs in "come up, come in, carry out, go on, come up with, look at, come on", or before the verb in "understand, foresee, ongoing". In Sanskrit they are nearly always attached in front of the verb, but sometimes they can be at the other end of the sentence.

Like in English, the prAdi can change the meaning of the basic verb logically, randomly, or not at all.

Examples. The preverb ava is said to have the basic meanings "down, away".

So these meanings look logical --

rohati "climbs, ascends"

avarohati "climbs down, descends"

patati "flies, falls"

avapatati "flies down, falls down"

But these others, not so much --

gacchati "goes"

avagacchati "understands"

tiSThati "stands"

avatiSThati "goes down"

Also, the preverb AG has the basic meaning "towards here", so we say quite logically --

gacchati "goes"

Agacchati "comes"

nayati "carries"

Anayati "brings"

Yet, in this case, AG does not change the meaning at all --

rohati "climbs, ascends"

Arohati "climbs, ascends"

Therefore, sometimes you can figure out the meaning of a root with a preverb just from the meaning of the root and the meaning of the preverb. But other times you cannot, and then you have to look for the preverbed root in a dictionary.

However, dictionaries do not cover all the combinations of preverb and root that have ever been used, so you should really check the list of preverbs .

In the epics, many preverbs appear to be used as verse fillers. So when you find a verb form such as pragacchati, sometimes that has the logical meaning "start to go, set out", and other times the pra has been used metri causa and the pragacchati means gacchati.




 

gatiz ca ONPANINI 14060
The upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 145

If we disregard the veda, this rule might be translated as "MUST be compounded", as the compounding always happens in the modern language.

Usually, verbs don't compound with anything; most compounds are noun plus noun or unchanging plus noun. But there are three exceptions to this principle --

(1) By this rule, gatizca , an upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb --

anu + gacchatianugacchati "follows"

(2) by the rules below this one, some nouns can be compounded in front of a verb made from kR bhU as and any tense.

zuklas + karotizuklIkaroti "whitens"

(3) by kAs;pratyayA and other rules, the Am''-enders must be compounded in front of a verb made from kR bhU as and a liT.

cint + liT tip → .. → cintayAm + cakAra anusvA cintayAJMcakAra "he thought"




 

laH parasmaipadam ONPANINI 14099
Tense replacers are flat.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 146

There are eleven flat affixes. They are:

the first nine of the tiG, that replace all tenses --

tip tas jhi

sip thas tha

mip vas mas

and zatR, that replaces laT (by laTazza ) and sometimes replaces lRT (by lRTassadvA),

and kvasu, that sometimes replaces liT in the veda.

The flat affixes always mean the doer.

See exception taGAnAvAtmanepadam below.




 

taG;AnAv Atmanepadam ONPANINI 14100
But taG Ana are bent.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 147

Exception to the previous rule tense replacers are flat .

There are eleven bent affixes:

The nine taG, that replace all tenses --

ta AtAm jha

thAs AthAm dhvam

iT' vahi mahi,

and the two Ana, namely --

zAnac, that replaces laT,

and kAnac, that replaces liT in the veda.

All eleven can mean the doer or not.




 

tiGas trINi trINi prathama;madhyam';.ottamAH ONPANINI 14101
tiG, taken by threes, are third person, second person, first personmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 148

In more detail --

tiptasjhi -- these are third person 3

sipthastha -- these are second person 2

mibvasmas -- these are first person 1

tAtAMjha -- these are third person 3

thAsAthAMdhvam -- these are second person 2

iDvahimahiG -- these are first person 1

Rules yuSmadyu ff. teach when to use each person.

Example. Suppose we have to say "y'all monkeys jumped", with plu + laG.

Rule lasya says that we have to replace laG with one of the eighteen tiG.

Rule anudAttaGi says that we have to use one of the nine bent, tAtAMjha thAsAthAMdhvam iDvahimahiG.

This rule tiGastrINi rule (together with yuSmadyu) says that we need one of thAsAthAMdhvam.

And finally rule tAnyeka (together with bahuSuba) tells us to grab the third affix, dhvam.

So our verb will be --

plu + laG dhvamplava + dhvam luGlaG aplavadhvam "y'all jumped"

And our sentence is --

kapayo 'plavadhvam "y'all monkeys jumped"

nayAmi nAyAvaH nayAmaH -- mibvasmas at top

nayasi nayathaH nayatha -- sipthastha in the middle

nayati nayataH nayanti -- tiptasjhi at bottom




 

tAny ekavacana;dvivacana;bahuvacanAny ekazaH ONPANINI 14102
tiG, taken one by one, are singular dual pluralmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 149

In the list tiptas,

tip is singular,

tas is dual,

jhi is plural,

sip is singular,

thas is dual,

...and so on down to mahi.




 

supaH ONPANINI 14103
The sup too.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 150

The sup too, taken one by one, are singular dual plural.

So, in the svaujas list,

su is singular,

au is dual,

jas is plural,

am is singular,

...etc




 

vibhaktiz ca ONPANINI 14104
( sup and tiG) are vibhakti.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 151

Therefore:

am is a vibhakti

tip is a vibhakti.

See also prAgdizovi.




 

yuSmady upapade samAnAdhikaraNe sthAniny api madhyamaH ONPANINI 14105
Use second person when the verb means "you", even if the word meaning you is hidden.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C- 152

Example. When the doer of the root pac is "you", and the verb means the doer, the tiG of the verb must be a second person affix, that is, one of sip thas tha thAs AthAm dhvam. In this example it is thAs --

pacase tvaGM kim aNDAni na khAdyAni tapasvibhiH "How come you are cooking eggs? Ascetics are not supposed to eat nonveg!"

tapasvI pacase 'NDAni na tv adyAni tapasvibhiH "You are an ascetic and are cooking eggs, yet ascetics are not supposed to eat them"

rAjA mahIz corayasi mAnavAz corayiSyanti "you are the king and steal cows, your subjects will steal too"

pacase kasmAd aNDAni na khAdyAni tapasvibhiH "Why are you cooking eggs? Ascetics are not supposed to eat them!"

Even though pANini does not bother to say so, words made from asmad- are hidden more often than not when a second person or first person verb means them.

marUbhumau vrajan rAjan pakSyase sUryarociSA "if you walk on the desert, your majesty, you will be cooked by the sunlight"




 

asmady uttamaH ONPANINI 14107
Use first person when the verb means me, even if the word meaning me is hidden.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 153

The meaning of the word vayam "we" includes me and at least two more people. So when I want to say that we jump, and the verb means the doer, I must use on the verb one of the first person affixes, namely one of mip vas mas iT' vahi mahi. If we are more than two, I can only use the plural affixes mas or mahi. And if the root is plu, I can use only the bent affix, namely mahi. So I say --

plavAmahe vayaM setoH "we gonna jump off a bridge"

tasmAt plavAmahe setoH "that's why we gonna jump off a bridge"

kapayo na pacAmahe "we monkeys don't cook"

dRzyAmahe tu kapayo viralanM dUradarzane "but we monkeys are seldom seen on TV"




 

zeSe prathamaH ONPANINI 14108
third person otherwisemmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 154

Verbs take third person tiG affixes whenever they have no reason to take second person or first person affixes.

That's why the verbs here took jhi and tip --

bASpA dhAvantu ma iti sa rAjapuruSo 'bravIt "Flow my tears, the policeman said."

See also person.




 

paraH saMnikarSaH saMhitA ONPANINI 14109
What is not before a pause is in saMhitA.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 155

Speech sounds are before pause when you stop speaking after them, even for a short moment. Otherwise, they are in saMhitA -- followed inmediately by another sound.

The difference is important because different grammatical rules apply to what is before pause and to what is in saMhitA.

Example. According to some grammar rules, we can make a word azvas that means "horse". Then, there are some other rules that teach that if the s is before a pause, it must be replaced with an H sound (these are rules sasaju and kharava). But if the s is in saMhitA, then there are a bunch of other rules that change the sound of the word, depending on what sound comes next. For instance, before d, azvas will turn into azvo (because of sasaju hazica and other rules), and before t, the s will stay (because of many many rules). As in --

azvas + @pause → .. → azvaH

azvas + dravati → .. → azvodravati

azvas + tarati → .. → azvastarati

Three Secrets You Need to Know About Spoken English




 

virAmo 'vasAnam ONPANINI 14110
pause means stoppingmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 156

The word avasAna " pause" means "stopping". You pause when you stop speaking. Even if you stop just for a moment (to take breath, to hesitate, or for dramatic effect),

The letter that is before a pause is said to be avasAne "before pause". The letter that is not avasAne, is saMhitAyAm "in saMhitA", that is, inmediately followed by another sound.

The difference between "before pause" and "in saMhitA" is important, because sometimes different grammatical rules apply in the two situations.

Example.

The words zakyas + aham make zakyoham by rule atoro --

zakyas + aham sasaju zakyar + aham atoro zakya + u + aham AdguNaH zakyo + aham eGaHpa zakyoham "I can be"

Yet, that only happens when there is no pause between the two words, because rule atoro only works when the ru is in saMhitA. When we make a pause between the two words, the s of zakyas is before a pause, and we get --

zakyas + @pause + aham sasaju zakyar + @pause + aham kharava zakyaH + @pause + aham "I can be"
















14000 stem, wimpy, roles ←

chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person

→ 21003 compounds