14000 stem, wimpy, roles ←

chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person

→ 21003 compounds

14056 Down to rIzvara, nipAta. prAgrIzvarAnnipAtAH
14059 A preverb is a prAdi joined by sense to an action. upasargAHkriyAyoge
14060 The upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb. gatizca
14099 Tense replacers are flat. laHparasmaipadam
14100 But taG Ana are bent. taGAnAvAtmanepadam
14101 The tiG, taken by threes, are third person, second person, first person tiGastrINitrINiprathamamadhyamottamAH
14102 tiG, taken one by one, are singular dual plural tAnyekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanAnyekazaH
14103 The sup too. supaH
14104 are vibhakti. vibhaktizca
14105 Use second person when the verb means "you", even if the word meaning "you" is hidden. yuSmadyupapadesamAnAdhikaraNesthAninyapimadhyamaH
14107 Use first person when meaning 'I'. asmadyuttamaH
14108 third person otherwise zeSeprathamaH
14109 What is not before a pause is in saMhitA. parassannikarSassaMhitA
14110 pause means stopping virAmovasAnam




(prAgrIzvarA) (/nip)

prAg rIzvarAn@ nipAtAH ONPANINI 14056
Down to rIzvara, nipAta.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 148

headline. The words described in the next rules, down to 14097 adhirIzvare, are called nipAta.

The nipAta are unchanging, because rule svarAdi says so.

These are some of the nipAta --

ca vA ha aha eva evam nUnam zazvat yugapat bhUyaH cet kaccit hanta alam vaSaT

These are nipAta because they are listed in the cAdiH class (see ashtadhyayidotcom gaNapATha , group three).

The preverbs, too, are nipAta.

KAZIKA adhirIzvare iti vakSyati. prAg etasmAd avadheryAnita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmaH, nipAtasaMjJAste veditavyAH. vakSyati cAdayo 'sattve 14057, ca, vA, ha, aha. prAgvacanaM saMjJAsamAvezArtham. gatyupasargakarmapravacanIya. saMjJAbhiH saha nipAtasaMjJA samAvizati. rephoccAraNam izvare tosunkasunau 34013 ityayam avadhirmA vijJAyi iti. rIzvarAdvIzvarAn mA bhUt kRnmejantaH paro 'pi saH. samAseSvavyayIbhAvo laukikam ca ativartate.

314 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 850 -- popularity 1




(upasargA) (/upas)

upasargAH kriyA-yoge ONPANINI 14059
A preverb (or upasarga) is a prAdi joined by sense to an action.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 149

(See also List of preverbs .)

Preverbs work like the English little words "up, on, down, at, with" that we find after English verbs in "come up, come in, carry out, go on, come up with, look at, come on", or before the verb in "understand, foresee, ongoing". In Sanskrit they are nearly always attached in front of the verb, but sometimes they can be at the other end of the sentence.

Like in English, the prAdi can change the meaning of the basic verb logically, randomly, or not at all.

Examples. The preverb ava is said to have the basic meanings "down, away".

So these meanings look logical --

rohati "climbs, ascends"

avarohati "climbs down, descends"

patati "flies, falls"

avapatati "flies down, falls down"

But these others, not so much --

gacchati "goes"

avagacchati "understands"

tiSThati "stands"

avatiSThati "goes down"

Also, the preverb AG has the basic meaning "towards here", so we say quite logically --

gacchati "goes"

Agacchati "comes"

nayati "carries"

Anayati "brings"

Yet, in this case, AG does not change the meaning at all --

rohati "climbs, ascends"

Arohati "climbs, ascends"

Therefore, sometimes you can figure out the meaning of a root with a preverb just from the meaning of the root and the meaning of the preverb. But other times you cannot, and then you have to look for the preverbed root in a dictionary.

However, dictionaries do not cover all the combinations of preverb and root that have ever been used, so you should really check the list of preverbs .

In the epics, many preverbs appear to be used as verse fillers. So when you find a verb form such as pragacchati, sometimes that has the logical meaning "start to go, set out", and other times the pra has been used metri causa and the pragacchati means gacchati.

KAZIKA prAdayaH kriyA-yoge upasarga-saMjJA bhavanti. praNayati. pariNayati. praNAyakaH. pariNAyakaH. kriyA-yoge iti kim? pragato nAyako 'smAd dezAt, pra-nAyako dezaH. marucchAbdasya ca upasaGkhyAnam kartavyam. marudbhir datto marutaH. saMjJA-vidhAna-sAmarthyAdana-janta-tve 'pi aca upasargAt taH 74047 iti tattvaM bhavati. zrac-chabdasya upasaGkhyAnam. Atazcopasarge 33106 iti aG' bhavati zraddhA. upasarga. pradezAH upasarge ghoH kiH 33092 ity evam AdayaH.

1348 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 872 -- popularity 38




(gatizca) (!gatiz)

gatiz ca ONPANINI 14060
The upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 150

If we disregard the veda, this rule might be translated as "MUST be compounded", as the compounding always happens in the modern language.

Usually, verbs don't compound with anything; most compounds are noun plus noun or unchanging plus noun. But there are three exceptions to this principle --

(1) By this rule, gatizca , an upasarga may be compounded in front of a verb --

anu + gacchatianugacchati "follows"

(2) by the rules below this one, some nouns can be compounded in front of a verb made from kR bhU as and any tense.

zuklas + karotizuklIkaroti "whitens"

(3) by kAs;pratyayA and other rules, the Am''-enders must be compounded in front of a verb made from kR bhU as and a liT.

cint + liT tip → .. → cintayAm + cakAra anusvA cintayAJMcakAra "he thought"

KAZIKA gati-saMjJakAz ca prA'dayo bhavanti kriyAyoge. prakRtya. prakRtam. yat prakaroti. yoga-vibhAga uttarArthaH. uttaratra gati-saMjJA eva yathA syAt. upasarga-saMjJA mA bhUt. UrIsyAtity atra [upasargaprAdurbhyAm astir yacparaH] 83087 iti SatvaM prasajyeta. cakaraH saMjJA-samAvezArthaH. praNItam. abhiSiktam. gatir anantaraH 62049 iti svaraH, upasargAd asamAse upasargAt sunoti iti Natva-Satve ca bhavataH. kArikA-zabdasya upasaGkhyAnam. kArikAkRtya. kArikAkRtam. yat kArikA karoti. punazcanasau chandasi gatisaMjJau bhavata iti vaktavyam. punarutsyUtaM vAso deyam. gatir gatau 81070 iti nighAto bhavati. cano hitaH. gatiranantaraH 62049 iti svaraH. gatipradezAH kugatiprAdayaH ityevam AdayaH.

576 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1093 -- popularity 1

750 /ktvA to {(l)ya(p)} in a [/naJ]-less @compound.




(laHparasmai) (@flat)

laH parasmaipadam ONPANINI 14099
tense replacers are flat.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 151

There are eleven flat affixes. They are:

the first nine of the tiG, that replace all tenses --

tip tas jhi

sip thas tha

mip vas mas

and zatR, that replaces laT (by laTazza ) and sometimes replaces lRT (by lRTassadvA),

and kvasu, that sometimes replaces liT in the veda.

The flat affixes always mean the doer.

See exception taGAnAvAtmanepadam below.

273 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1253 -- popularity 61




(taGAnAvA) (@bent)

taG;AnAv Atmanepadam ONPANINI 14100
But taG Ana are bent.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 152

Exception to the previous rule tense replacers are flat .

There are eleven bent affixes:

The nine taG, that replace all tenses --

ta AtAm jha

thAs AthAm dhvam

iT' vahi mahi,

and the two Ana, namely --

zAnac, that replaces laT,

and kAnac, that replaces liT in the veda.

All eleven can mean the doer or not.

234 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1275 -- popularity 67




(tiGastrINi) (!tiG)

tiGas trINi trINi prathama;madhyam';.ottamAH ONPANINI 14101
The tiG, taken by threes, are third person, second person, first personmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 153

This means that --

tiptasjhi -- are third person 3

sipthastha -- are second person 2

mibvasmas -- are first person 1

tAtAJjha -- are third person 3

thAsAthAndhvam -- are second person 2

iDvahimahiG -- are first person 1

Rules yuSmadyu ff teach when to use each person.

Example. Suppose we have to say "y'all monkeys jumped", with plu + laG.

Rule lasya says that we have to replace laG with one of the eighteen tiG.

Rule anudAttaGi says that we have to use one of the nine bent, tAtAJjha thAsAthAndhvam iDvahimahiG.

This rule tiGastrINi rule (together with yuSmadyu) says that we need one of thAsAthAndhvam.

And finally, rule tAnyeka (together with bahuSu) says that we need the third affix, dhvam.

So our verb will be --

plu + laG dhvamplava + dhvam luGlaG aplavadhvam "y'all jumped"

And our sentence is --

kapayo 'plavadhvam "y'all monkeys jumped"

KAZIKA tiGo 'STAdaza pratyayAH. nava parasmaipadasaMjJakAH, navA'tmanepadasaMjJakAH. tatra parasmaipradeSu trayastrikAH yathAkramaM prathamamadhyamauttamasaMjJA bhavanti. tip, tas, jhi iti prathamaH. sip, thas, tha iti madyamaH. mip, vas, masiti uttamaH. AtmanepadeSu ta, AtAm, jha iti prathamaH. thAs, AthAm, dhvam iti madhyAmaH. iT, vahi, mahiGiti uttamaH. prathama-madhyam%ottama-pradezAH zeSe prathamaH ity evam AdayaH.

When you use the hyderabad conjugation tables, the appear with tip tas jhi at the top, sip thas tha in the middle, and mip vas mas at the bottom, this way --

nayati nayataH nayanti

nayasi nayathaH nayatha

nayAmi nayAvaH nayAmaH

But in the inria conjugation tables, you get the reverse order --

nayAmi nayAvaH nayAmaH

nayasi nayathaH nayatha

nayati nayataH nayanti

They use this order to agree with the Latin and Ancient Greek verb tables, which always have the first person on top. Which makes sense, because most Sanskrit students in France know enough Latin an Ancient Greek to improvise rap songs in them. But I make MY students use the hyderabad order in their verb tables, because I have made them memorize the tiptasjhi sipthastha mibvasmas lethany.

1259 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1300 -- popularity 2




(tAnyekava) (!tAn)

tAny ekavacana;dvivacana;bahuvacanAny ekazaH ONPANINI 14102
tiG, taken one by one, are singular dual pluralmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 154

In the list tiptas,

tip is singular,

tas is dual,

jhi is plural,

sip is singular,

thas is dual,

...and so on down to mahi.

KAZIKA supaH tiGAM trikeSu ekavacanAdisaMjJA vihitAH. samprati supAm trikeSu vidhIyante. supazca trINi trINi padAni ekaza ekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanasaMjJAni bhavanti. su iti ekavacanam. au iti dvivacanam. jasiti bahuvacanam. evam sarvatra.

88 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1390 -- popularity 7

153 The /tiG, taken by threes, are [@third person], [@second person], [@first person]

383 @tense to /tiG.

417 /sup are /svaujas /amauTchaS /TAbhyAmbhis /GebhyAmbhyas /GasibhyAmbhyas /GasosAm /Gyossup.

1313 The [@number]s are @singular, @dual and @plural

1678 " [@case]s " are the seven groups of /tiG.




(supaH) (!supa)

supaH ONPANINI 14103
The sup too.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C+ 155

The sup too, taken one by one, are singular dual plural.

So, in the svaujas list,

su is singular,

au is dual,

jas is plural,

am is singular,

au is dual,

zas is plural,

TA is singular,

...and so on down to sup'

KAZIKA tiGAM trikeSu ekavacanAdisaMjJA vihitAH. samprati supAm trikeSu vidhIyante. supazca trINi trINi padAni ekaza ekavacanadvivacanabahuvacanasaMjJAni bhavanti. su iti ekavacanam. au iti dvivacanam. jasiti bahuvacanam. evam sarvatra.

152 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1400 -- popularity 3

154 /tiG, taken one by one, are @singular @dual @plural

1313 The [@number]s are @singular, @dual and @plural




(vibhaktizca) (!vibha)

vibhaktiz ca ONPANINI 14104
( sup and tiG) are vibhakti.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 156

Therefore:

am is a vibhakti

tip is a vibhakti.

See also prAgdizovi.

53 letters. -- 14Droles.bse 1420 -- popularity 1




(yuSmadyupa) (@sec)

yuSmady upapade samAnAdhikaraNe sthAniny api madhyamaH ONPANINI 14105
Use second person when the verb means "you", even if the word meaning "you" is hidden.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M+ C- 157

There are two sorts of verbs that "mean you".

(1) those that mean the doer, when the doer is "you". As in pacasi "you are cooking", and

(2) those that mean the object, when the object is "you". As in pacyase "you are being cooked".

Example of (1).

Suppose we want to say "you are cooking", addressing one person, using a verb from the root pac that means the doer. The doer is "you", singular.

(A) This rule says that the tense laT must be replaced with one of the six second person tiG affixes, namely one of sip thas tha thAs AthAm dhvam.

(B) As the doer is one person, rule dvyeka says that we can use only sip or thAs.

(C) As pac is a flattybendy root, we may choose freely one of the two. Suppose we choose sip.

Now,

pac + laT → * pac + kartari sippac + zap + sippacasi "you are cooking"

The word that means the doer can appear in the sentence or not, so these two sentences mean the same thing --

pacasi "you are cooking"

pacasi tvam "you are cooking"

If instead of choosing sip we choose thAs, we get --

pac + laT → * pac + kartari thAspac + zap + thAspac + zap + se'''pacase "you are cooking"

And of course we may also say pacase tvam.

Example of (2).

Suppose we want to say "you are being cooked", addressing one person, using a verb from the root pac that means the object. The object is "you", singular.

(A) This rule says that the tense laT must be replaced with one of the six second person tiG affixes, namely one of sip thas tha thAs AthAm dhvam.

(B) As the doer is one person, rule dvyeka says that we can use only sip or thAs.

(C) Rule bhAva;karmaNoH says that sip is out of the question, we must use thAs.

Now,

pac + laT → * pac + karmaNi thAspac + yak + thAspac + ya + se'''pacyase "you are being cooked"

The word that means the object can appear in the sentence or not, so these two sentences mean the same thing --

pacyase "you are cooking"

pacyase tvam "you are being cooked"

This rule will not work when asmadyuttamaH can work. So, here the verbs must get the first person endings vas vahi --

ahaJM ca tvaJM ca pacAvaH "both you and me cook"

ahaJM ca tvaJM ca pacyAvahe "both you and me are being cooked"

Back to person.

KAZIKA lasya ity adhikRtya sAmAnyena tib-Adayo vihitAH. teSAm ayaM puruSaniyamaH kriyate. yuSmady upapade sati vyavahite cAvyavahite sati samAnAdhikaraNe samAnAbhidheye tulya-kArake sthAnini prayujyamAne 'py aprayujyamAne 'pi madhyama-puruSo bhavati. tvaM pacasi. yuvAM pacathaH. yUyaM pacatha. aprayujyamAne 'pi pacasi. pacathaH. pacatha.

1585 letters. -- 14Eperson.bse 1 -- popularity 8

3 next pages for chris

153 The /tiG, taken by threes, are [@third person], [@second person], [@first person]

159 [@third person] otherwise

1267 /bhavatu- "your honor"

1681 @person in @inria




(asmadyutta) (@fir)

asmady uttamaH ONPANINI 14107
Use first person when meaning 'I'(, even if the word meaning 'I' is hidden).mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 158

When a verb means "I", it gets one of the six first person affixes mip vas mas iT' vahi mahi.

Example with a verb that means its doer and has "I" as doer --

car + laT → * car + mipcar + zap + mi atodIrghoyaJi carAmi "I move"

Example with a verb that means its object and has "I" as object --

dRz + laT → * dRz + iT'dRz + yak + iT'dRz + ya + e''' atoguNe dRzye "I am being seen"

Of course we may also say --

carAmy aham "I move"

dRzye 'ham "I am being seen"

Back to person.

KAZIKA uttamapuruSo niyamyate. asmadyupapade samAnAbhidheye prayujyamAne 'py aprayujyamAne 'pi uttamapuruSo bhavati. aham pacAmi. AvAm pacAvaH. vayam pacAmaH. aprayujyamAne 'pi pacAmi. pacAvaH. pacAmaH.

310 letters. -- 14Eperson.bse 237 -- popularity 13




(zeSepratha) (@thi)

zeSe prathamaH ONPANINI 14108
third person otherwisemmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ C+ 159

Verbs take third person tiG affixes whenever they have no reason to take second person or first person affixes.

That's why the verbs here took jhi and tip --

bASpA dhAvantu ma@ iti sa rAjapuruSo 'bravIt "Flow my tears, the policeman said."

Back to person.

KAZIKA zeSa@ iti madhyam%ottama-viSayAd anya ucyate. yatra yuSmad-asmadI saman%AdhikaraNe upapade na staH, tatra zeSe prathama-puruSo bhavati. pacati. pacataH. pacanti.

202 letters. -- 14Eperson.bse 355 -- popularity 20




(parassanni) (/saM)

paraH saMnikarSaH saMhitA ONPANINI 14109
What is not before a pause is in saMhitA.mmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 160

A speech sound is before a pause (Skt: avasAne) when you stop speaking after it, even for a short moment. All other sounds are in saMhitA -- "followed inmediately by another sound".

Example 1.

If you say the two words diSTyAvardhase together, and then stop, the e is is before a pause, and all the other letters are in saMhitA. Including the A.

Example 2.

If you say diSTyA, and stop, and say vardhase, and stop, then the A and the e are before a pause, and all the other letters are in saMhitA.

KAZIKA parazabdo 'tizaye vartate. saMnikarSaH pratyAsattiH. paro yaH sannikarSaH, varNAnAm ardhamAtrAkAlavyavadhAnaM, sa saMhitAsaMjJo bhavati. dadhyatra. madhvatra. saMhitApradezAH saMhitAyAm ity evam AdayaH.

377 letters. -- 14Fpauses.bse 1 -- popularity 13




(virAmova) (@pau)

virAmo 'vasAnam ONPANINI 14110
pause means stoppingmmmmmmmmm glosses glosses ^ M- C+ 161

The word avasAna " pause" means "stopping". You pause when you stop speaking. Even if you stop just for a moment (to take breath, to hesitate, or for dramatic effect).

The letter that is before a pause is said to be avasAne "before pause". The letter that is not avasAne, is saMhitAyAm "in saMhitA", that is, inmediately followed by another sound.

The difference between "before pause" and "in saMhitA" is important, because sometimes different grammatical rules apply in the two situations.

Example.

The words zakyas + aham make zakyoham by rule atoro --

zakyas + aham sasaju zakyar + aham atoro zakya + u + aham AdguNaH zakyo + aham eGaHpa zakyoham "I can be"

Yet, that only happens when there is no pause between the two words, because rule atoro only works when the ru is in saMhitA. When we make a pause between the two words, the s of zakyas is before a pause, and we get --

zakyas + @pause + aham sasaju zakyar + @pause + aham kharava zakyaH + @pause + aham "I, (pause), can be"

KAZIKA viratiH virAmaH. viramyate 'nena iti vA virAmaH. so 'vasAnasaMjJo bhavati. dadhiM. madhuM. vRkSaH. plakSaH. avasAnapradezAH kharavasAnayor visarjanIyaH ity evam AdayaH. iti zrIjayAdityaviracitAyAM kAzikAyAM vRttau prathamAdhyAyasya caturthaH pAdaH.

709 letters. -- 14Fpauses.bse 128 -- popularity 42
















14000 stem, wimpy, roles ←

chunk 11: 14056 nipAta, person

→ 21003 compounds