visarjanIyasya saH ONPANINI 83034
H to s (before khar).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1039

Even though the rule says "before khar", it will only work before a chav, because the exceptions in the next rules take over when the khar is a zar, the khar is a ku or a pu, or the khar is followed by a zar".

Examples --

azva + ru + tarati →kharava azva + H + tarati azvas tarati "horse crosses"

dhanu + ru + chinatti →kharava dhanu + H + chinatti dhanus chinatti →stozz dhanuz chinatti → dhanuz chinatti "cuts the bow"

See also exception zarpare.

KAZIKA khari ity anuvartate. visarjanIyasya sakAraH AdezaH bhavati khari parataH. vRkSazchAdayati. plakSazchAdayati. vRkSasThakAraH. plakSaSThakAraH. vRkSasthakAraH. plakSasthakAraH. vRkSascinoti. plakSazcinoti. vRkSaSTIkate. plakSaSTIkate. vRkSastarati. plakSastarati.

zar-pare visarjanIyaH ONPANINI 83035
( H) to H before kS ts.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1040

Exception to kupvoKkaFpauca, that would have allowed H or K optionally before k kh --

sarpAs + kSetre →sasaju sarpA + ru + kSetre →kharava sarpAH kSetre sarpAH kSetre "there are snakes in the field"

(sarpAKkSetre is not allowed.)

And to visarjanIyasyasaH, that would have made s before t --

rAmas + tsarukaH →sasaju rAma + ru + tsarukaH →kharava rAmaH + tsarukaH rAmaH tsarukaH "rAma is good with a sword"

KAZIKA zarpare khari parato visarjanIyasya visarjanIy'-Adezo bhavati. zazaH kSuram. puruSaH kSuram. adbhiH psAtam. vAsaH kSaumam. puruSaH tsaruH. ghanAghanaH kSobhaNazcarSaNInAm. na iti vaktavye visarjanIyasya visarjanIyAdezavidhAnaM vikAranivRttyartham, tena jihvamUlIyopadhmanIyau na bhavataH.

The original rule does not say "before kS and ts ". Actually it says "before any khar that has a zar after it". So, words that start with ps are also affected. I can't remember any such word ATM.

Words that start with kS are common.

The words that start with ts are tsaru, tsetsemakSikA, and their derivatives.

To learn the pronunciation of the visarjanIya sound, also called visarga, watch this video --

How to pronounce English /h/ (aitch) by Geoff Lindsey

Some people pronounce the visarga as the Arabic H of haram "forbidden", or as the German ch of "Ich". Those sounds are no better and no worse than English H (in my opinion, others might differ).

You may not pronounce the visarga as the Arabic H of haram "pyramids".

vA zari ONPANINI 83036
H to s before zar.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1041

This rule says --

" all H sounds that are in saMhitA before z S s may be replaced with a s sound "

Yet, I lie to my students and tell them that they MUST replace the H with s, then I make sure that they do the replacing always when they speak, and never when they write. I have good reasons to do that, which I will explain later, if time allows.

Examples --

punar + sIdati →kharava punaH + sIdati punassIdati "sits again"

rAmas + sIdati →sasaju rAmar sIdati →kharava rAmaH + sIdati rAmassIdati "rAma sits"

namas + zivAya →sasaju namar zivAya →kharava namaH + zivAya namas zivAya →stozzcu namazzivAya "hail to ziva"

vyAghryas + SaT →sasaju vyAghryar SaT →kharava vyAghryaSH SaT vyAghryas SaT →STunA vyAghryaSSaT "six tigresses"

See also spelling of zz SS ss .

KAZIKA visarjanIyasya visarjanIyAdezo vA bhavati zari pare. vRkSaH zete, vRkSazzete. plakSaH zete, plakSazzete. vRkSaH SaNDe, vRkSaSSaNDe. vRkSaH sAye, vRkSassAye. kharpare zari vA lopo vaktavyaH. vRkSA sthAtAraH, vRkSAH sthAtAraH, vRkSAssthAtAraH.

After you graduate into Sanskrit 102 and chant OnM namaz zivAya a thousand and eight times, you will have my permission to read this article --

optionality of vAzari

ku;pvo Kka;Fpau ca ONPANINI 83037
Before ku pu, ( H to either H or) K F.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1042 sandhi

This rule will work when a wordfinal s or r is before k kh p ph.

This rule can work in two ways. You may choose: replace the H sound either with itself, like this --

azvas + kramati →sasaju azvarkramati →kharava azvaHkramati azvaHkramati "horse walks"

azvas + pazyati →sasaju azvarpazyati →kharava azvaHpazyati azvaHpazyati "horse sees"

or with the most-alike of K F --

azvas + kramati →sasaju azvar kramati →kharava azvaH kramati azvaKkramati "horse walks"

azvas + pazyati azvaFpazyati "horse sees"

This rule will not work before kS, because in that case the exception zarpare replaces ru with H compulsorily --

azvas + kSetram + pazyati →zarpare azvaHkSetrampazyati

KAZIKA kavargapavargayoH parato visarjanIyasya yathAsaGkhyam KkaFpa ityetAvAdezau bhavataH, cakArAd visarjanIyazca. vRkSaK karoti, vRkSaH karoti. vRkSaK khanati, vRkSaH khanati. vRkSaF pacati, vRkSaH pacati. vRkSaF phalati, vRkSaH phalati. kapau uccAraNArthau. jihvAmUlIyopadhmAnIyau etAvAdezau. visarjanIyasya saH ityetasminnAprApte idam Arabhyate iti etasya bAdhakam, zarpare visarjanIyaH ityetat tu na bAdhyate, vAsaH kSaumam, adbhiH psAtam. pUrvatrAsiddhe nAsti vipratiSedho 'bhAvAduttarasya iti zarpare visarjanIyaH ityetadeva bhavati. kecit tu etadarthaM yogavibhAgaM kurvanti. kupvoH zarparayoH visarjanIyasya visarjanIyaH Adezo bhavati, kimartham idam, KkaFpau ca iti vakSyati, tadvAdhanArtham iti.

The sounds K F are always be spelled H. Old spelling tradition. The letters K F are used in this website only.

I have heard some Sanskrit speakers that always replace all H sounds with K sounds. That's not correct.

See replacing a thing with itself looks pointless .

so '-pad'-Adau ONPANINI 83038
( H to) s before ( ku pu) affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1043

Exception to kupvoKkaFpauca. H turns into s, not into H or K F as usual, before the four affixes that start with p k, which are --

pAzap kalpap ka kAmyac.

Example --

payas + kAmyac + laT tip payaskAmyati "wants milk"

See also iNaSSaH below.

KAZIKA sakAra AdezaH bhavati visarjanIyasya kupvoH apadAdyoH parataH pAzakalpakakAmyeSu. yApye pAzap payaspAzam. ISadasamAptau kalpap payaskalpam. yazaskalpam. prAg ivAt kaH payaskam. yazaskam. kAmyac payaskAmyati. yazaskAmyati. apadAdau iti kim? payaK kAmayate. payaF pibati. so 'padAdAv ity anavyayasya iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt, prAtaH kalpam, punaH kalpam iti. roH kAmye niyamArtham. ror eva kAmye na anyasya iti niyamArthaM vaktavyam. payaskAmyati. yazaskAmyati. iha ma bhUt, gIH kAmyati. dhUH kAmyati. upadhmAnIyasya kavarge parataH sakArAdezo bhavati iti vaktavyam. kiM prayojanam? ubjirupadhmAnIyopadhaH paThyate iti darzane abhyudgaH, samudagaH iti yathA syAt.

iNaH SaH ONPANINI 83039
But with S after i u.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1044

Or in other words:

The s made by sopadAdau must be replaced with S after i u.

Example --

sarpis- + kAmyac + laT ta →svAdiSva sarpis ( word ) + kAmya + ta →kharava sarpiH + kAmya + ta →sopadAdau sarpis + kAmya + ta sarpiS + kAmya + ta →Tita sarpiSkAmyate "wants ghee"

KAZIKA apadAdau iti vartate. iNaH uttarasya visarjanIyasya SakArAdezo bhavati kupvorapadAdyoH parataH pAzakalpakakAmyeSu. pAza sarpiSpAzam. yajuSpAzam. kalpa sarpiSkalpam. yajuSkalpam. ka sarpiSkam. yajuSkam. kAmya sarpiSkAmyati. yajuSkAmyati. apadAdau ityeva, agniH karoti. vAyuH karoti. agniH pacati. vAyuH pacati. kupvoH ityeva, sarpiste. yajuste. ita uttaraM saH iti, iNaH saH iti ca vartate. tatra iNaH paro yo visarjanIyaH tasya SakAro bhavati, anyasya sakAro bhavati.

The original rule says "after any iN letter", but I translated "after i u" because I'm quite confident in my belief that there are no examples with iN letters that are not i u. If it turns out I'm wrong, *send an email.

id;ud-upadhasya c/A-pratyayasya ONPANINI 83041
Non- affix iH uH to (S before ku pu).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1045

Exception to kupvoKk, that would've made H or K F instead.

Very few things end in is ir us ur and have no affix at the end. These examples have nis dur bahir Avis catur- prAdus --

niSkRta-

duSkRta-

AviSkRta-

prAduSkRta-

catuSpada-

KAZIKA ikAropadhasya ukAropadhasya ca apratyayasya visarjanIyasya SakAra Adezo bhavati kupvoH parataH. nirdurbahirAvizcaturprAdus. nis niSkRtam. niSpItam. dus duSkRtam. duSpItam. vahis bahiSkRtam. bahiSpItam. Avis AviSkRtam. AviSpItam. catur catuSkRtam. catuSkapAlam. catuSkalam. catuSkaNTakam. prAdus prAduSkRtam. prAudSpItam. apratyayasya iti kim? agniH karoti. vAyuH karoti. mAtuH karoti, pituH karoti, atra rAt sasya 8-2-24 iti sakAralope kRte rephasya yo visarjanIyaH, tasya apratyayavisarjanIyatvAt SatvaM prApnoti? kaskAdiSu tu mrAtuSputragrahaNaM jJApakam ekAdezanimittatvAt SatvapratiSedhasya. pummuhusoH pratiSedho vaktavyaH. puMskAmA. muhu\u1e96 kAmA. naiSkulyam. dauSkulyam. dauSpuruSyam. ni3Skulam. du3Skulam. du3SpuruSaH. bahiraGgalakSaNayor vRddhiplutayorasiddhatvAt SatvaM pravartate.

kaskAdiSu ca ONPANINI 83048
In the kaska group too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1047

Exception to kupvoKkaFpauca.. The kaska-group words replace H with S after i u, with s elsewhere. Replacing H with H K F is not allowed.

Example --

zunas + karNas zunaskarNas "dog-ear"

The kaska-group are --

kaskaH | kautaskutaH | bhrAtuSputraH | zunaskarNaH | sadyaskAlaH | sadyaskIH | sAdyaskaH | kAMskAn | sarpiSkuNDikA | dhanuSkapAlam | bahiSpalam | barhiSpalam | yajuSpAtram | ayaskAntaH | tamaskANDaH | ayaskANDaH | medaspiNDaH | bhAskaraH | ahaskaraH ||

KAZIKA kaska ityevam Adisu ca visarjanIyasya sakAraH vA yathAyogamAdezo bhavati kupvoH parataH. kaskaH. kautaskutaH. kuta AgataH ityaN. bhrAtuSputraH. zunaskarNaH. sadyaskAlaH. sadyaskrIH. krINAterayaM sampadAditvAt kvip pratyayaH, tatra bhavaH kratuH sAdyaskraH. kAMskAn, kAnAmreDite iti rutvamatra sarpiSkuNDikA, dhanuSkapAlam, varhiSpUlam, yajuSpAtram ityeSAM pAThaH uttarapadasthasya api SatvaM yathA syAditi. paramasrpiHphalam ityevam Adi pratyudAharaNAtiti pArAyaNikA AhuH. bhASye vRttau ca nityaM samAse 'nuttarapadasthasya ity atra praramasarpiHkuNdikA ity etad eva pratyudAharaNam. ayaskANDaH. medaspiNDaH. avihitalakSaNa upacAraH kaskAdiSu draSTavyaH.