rAjA, nAma, pitA, rAjan, pitarmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1488

The nounbase rAjan- m means "king". When we add the non- calling su after it, we get rAjA by these three rules --

rAjan m + su →rAjAnam rAjAns →halGyA rAjAn →nalopaHprA rAjA

pitR- m means "father". When it gets the non- calling su, rule Rduzana changes pitRs into pitans, and then those same three rules change pitans into pitA.

nAman- n means "name". As it is a neuter, we get --

nAman @n + su OR am →svamorna nAman →nalopaHprA nAma

With the calling we get --

pitR + @calling s →RtoGi pitars →saMyogAnta pitar "hey dad; revered sire"

rAjan- + @calling s →halGyA rAjan "hey king; Your Highness"

kSipa, cintaya, nRtya.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1490

These word-pieces are made by adding za Nic zyan after a root that is before a hard doer affix.

kSip →tudAdibhyazzaH kSip + za → kSipa

cint →satyApapAza cinti →kartarizap cinti + zap →hardsoft cinte + a →ecoya cintaya

nRt →divAdibhyazzyan nRt + zyan → nRtya

examples of reduplication before liTmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1491

pac →ekAcodve papac

kR ( before liT ) →ekAcodve kRkR →kuhozcuH cRkR →urat carkR →halAdizzeSaH cakR

kSip →ekAcodve kSikSip →halAdizzeSaH kikSip →kuhozcuH cikSip

nI →ekAcodve nInI →hrasvaH ninI

bhU → babhU

As in --

kR + liT ta → kR + ez → cakR + ez →ikoyaNaci cakre "he did, he made"

gRhNA, punA, jinA, puSNA, krINAmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1493

The znAclass roots, like grah pU jyA puS krI, get znA instead of zap.

This znA is actually (z)nA(G) because sArvadhAtukamapit says so.

The G label will make grahijyA work on grah jyA.

In roots such as grah puS krI, Natvam will work eventually, so we get --

grah + znA →sArvadhAtukamapit grah + (G)nA →grahijyA gRhnA →Natvam gRhNA

pU + znA →pvAdInAMhrasvaH punA

jyA + znA →grahijyA jinA

puS + znA →Natvam puSNA

krI + znA →Natvam krINA

These forms all end in nA por NA. The A stays before tip sip mip, turns into I before consonant affixes (by IhalyaghoH), and disappears before vowel affixes (by znAbhyastayorAtaH) --

gRhNA + laT tip → gRhNAti "he grabs"

gRhNA + laT tas → gRhNItas "both grab"

gRhNA + laT anti''' → gRhNanti "they grab"

plava, aplava, paca, bhava, naya, zoca, cara.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1494

These word-pieces are made by adding zap after a root that is before a hard doer affix.

plu →kartarizap plu + zap →hardsoft plo + a →ecoya plava

plu ( before laG ) → plava ( like above ) →luGlaG aplava

pac →kartarizap paca

bhU →kartarizap bhU + zap →hardsoft bho + zap →ecoya bhava

nI →kartarizap nI + zap →hardsoft ne + zap →ecoya naya

zuc →kartarizap zuc + zap →puganta zoca

car →kartarizap cara

There is also a plava- nounbase that means "a boat".

nAyi, kAri, pAci, cori, cintimmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1495

These are examples of roots made by adding Nic after another root.

Any root can get Nic by hetumatica, and in that case the meaning changes --

nI "carry" + causative Nic →acoJNiti nai + Nic →ecoya nAyi "make others carry"

kR "do" + Nic →acoJNiti kAri "make others do"

pac "cook" + Nic →ata::upa pAci "make others cook"

The Nichclass roots, such as cur, always get Nic by satyApa, and do not change meaning. --

cur "steal" + Nichclass Nic →puganta cori "steal"

cint "think" + Nichclass Nic → cinti "think"

These can also get the causative Nic instead of the Nichclass Nic, but that is rare.

A Nichclass roots, such as cur, may also get the Nic that means "make others do" --

cur "steal" + causative Nic →puganta cori "make others steal"

but that seldom happens in practice. If you hear corayati, the chances of it meaning "steals" are far far higher than the chances of it meaning "makes others steal".

As these nAyi, kAri, pAci, cori are all roots (rule sanAdyantA says so), and they do not belong to any verb class, they get zap when kartarizap says so --

nAyi + laT tip → nAyi + zap + ti →hardsoft nAye + a + ti →ecoya nAyayati "makes others lead"

cori + laT tip → cori + zap + ti →hardsoft core + a + ti →ecoya corayati "steals"

juhu bibhI dadA mimA bibhR jahAmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1496

The zluclass roots (like hu and bhI) get zlu when right before a doer affix that is hard (such as mas, tip or zatR). Some examples --

hu + zlu →zlau hu + hu + zlu →kuhozcuH juhu

bhI + zlu →zlau bhI + bhI + zlu →hrasvaH bhibhI →abhyAsecarca bibhI

dA + zlu →zlau dA + dA + zlu →hrasvaH dadA

mAG' + zlu →zlau mA + mA + zlu →bhRJAmit mimA

bhR + zlu →zlau bhR + bhR + zlu →bhRJAmit bhi + bhR bibhR

hA + zlu →zlau hA + hA + zlu →hrasvaH hahA →kuhozcuH jahA

These will behave differently before the Git and the aGit. Before the aGit affixes we get hardsoft as usual --

juhu + mip →hardsoft juhomi "I pour"

bibhI + mip →hardsoft bibhemi "I am afraid"

dadA + mip → dadAmi "I give"

bibhR + tip → bibharti "carries"

but the other verb endings are Git because of hard apit is Git , so there is no hardsoft there

juhu + mas → juhumas "we pour"

bibhI + mas → bibhImas "we are afraid"

also, mimA dadA lose their A by znAbhya --

mimA + te''' →IhalyaghoH mimIte "he measures"

dadA + mas →znAbhya dadmas "we give"

about rundh and runadhmmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1497

Before hard doer affixes, the znamclass root rudh turns into either rundh or ruNadh.

If the affix is aGit, the a of (z)na(m) stays, and Natvam works --

rudh + laT mip → rudh + znam + mi →midaco runadh + mi →Natvam ruNadhmi "I obstruct"

If the affix is Git, znasora eats the a, placing the n right before dh, and then there is no Natvam before serious --

rudh + laT mas → rudh + znam + mas →midaco runadh + mas →znasora rundh + mas → rundhmas "we obstruct"