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prathamA-nirdiSTaM samAsa:: upasarjanam

प्रथमाॱनिर्दिष्टं समास‌ उपसर्जनम् ONPANINI 12043

The part of a compound which a sUtra describes with a word with first ending is the subordinate.

Example 1. In the compound **vRkabhayam वृकभयम् "fear of wolves, lycophobia", formed from vRkebhyo bhayam वृकेभ्यो भयम्, the first half **vRkebhyas वृकेभ्यस् is subordinate to the second half **bhayam भयम्. **bhaya- भयॱ is the main part.

Example 2. In the compound **citragus चित्रगुस् "the guy with the brindled cows, Mr. Brindledcows", both halves **citra- चित्रॱ and go- गोॱ are subordinate. There is no main part.

How do we know that in **vRkabhayam वृकभयम् the subordinate is **vRkebhyas वृकेभ्यस्?

Because that **vRkabhayam वृकभयम् compound is allowed by paJcamIbhay..., which allow compounding a word that ends in a paJcamI पञ्चमी (like **vRkebhyas वृकेभ्यस्) with the word bhayam भयम्. As bhayena भयेन has third ending in paJcamIbhayena पञ्चमीभयेन, bhayam भयम् cannot be the subordinate. But paJcamI पञ्चमी has first ebnding, so vRkebhyas is the subordinate.

Similarly, tRtIyAtatk... allows the compounding of the third-ender dhAnyena धान्येन with arthaH अर्थः — as the word tRtIyA तृतीया has first ending in the sUtra, and the word arthena अर्थेन does not, dhAnyena धान्येन is the subordinate.