deriv SD cv (952) ashtadhyayi.com hei.de L 952 ETT STT a 2.3.18 ALPH OLDHOMEPAGE NEWHOMEPAGE

kartR;karaNayos tRtIyA

कर्तृॱकरणयोस्तृतीया ONPANINI 23018

The third ending expresses doer or instrument.

instrument

An instrument will always take third ending —

rathena gacchati रथेन गच्छति "goes by chariot" — the instrument rathena रथेन has third.

tair viSeNa hataH तैर्विषेण हतः "they killed him with poison" — the instrument viSeNa विषेण has third.

doer

A doer gets third when the action word does not show the doer. If it shows the doer, this sUtra is debarred by <17 anabhihite and the ending of the doer is set by some other sUtra.

Examples when an action word shows the object —

sarpo mayA dRzyate सर्पो मया दृश्यते "I am seeing a snake", the doer mayA मया has third

sarpo mayA dRSTaH सर्पो मया दृष्टः "I saw a snake"

You may also translate these using an English passive - "a snake by me is / was being seen".

Examples when an action word shows nothing —

azAyi mayA अशायि मया "I slept"

Asitavyam bhavAtA आसितव्यं भवाता "you should sit"

tvayA sAvadhAnena bhavitavyam त्वया सावधानेन भवितव्यम् "you should be watchful"

tvayA sAvadhAnena bhUyate त्वया सावधानेन भूयते "you are watchful"

In these cases however using an English passive is highly unadvisable: "it is being been by watchful you" sucks.

See also uses of cases.