A sarvanAmnaH ONPANINI 63091
pronoun to A (before dRz- dRza- dRkSa- vatu).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 609

Examples --

tad- + dRz- + su ta + A + dRz + su →akassa tAdRz + s → tAd + dRz + s →halGyA tAdRz →kvinpratyayasyakuH tAdRk "such a"

tad- + vatu + su tAvAn "that much"

yad- + dRza- + su yAdRza- "of whatever kind or nature"

tad- + dRkSa- + su tAdRkSas "such a"

KAZIKA sarvanAmnaH AkArAdezo bhavati dRg-dRza-vatuSu. tAdRk. tAdRzaH. tAvAn. yAdRk. yAdRzaH. yAvAn. dRkSe ceti vaktavyam. tAdRkSaH. yAdRkSaH.

dRz above is not one of the RtvigdadhR, but it has kvin here because tyadAdiSudRzo says so. That's why kvinpratyaya works on tAdRz-.

Dh;ra-lope pUrvasya dIrgho 'NaH ONPANINI 63111
lengthen a i u before deleted Dh r.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 612

Example when rori deletes r before r --

kapir + ramate →rori kapi ramate kapI ramate "monkey has fun"

Example when DhoDhelopaH deletes Dh before Dh --

guh + kta →hoDhaH guDh + ta →jhaSastatho guDh + dha →STunA guDh + Dha →DhoDhelopaH gu + Dha gUDha- "hidden"

See also long before r .

KAZIKA DhakAra-rephayoH lopaH yasmin sa Dhra-lopaH, tatra pUrvasya aNaH dIrgho bhavati. lIDham. mIDham. upagUDham. mUDhaH. ralope nIraktam. agnIrathaH. indUrathaH. punA raktaM vAsaH. prAtA rAjakrayaH. pUrvagrahaNam anuttarapade 'pi pUrvamAtrasya dIrghArtham. aNaH iti kim? AtRDham. AvRDham.

sahi;vahor od avarNasya ONPANINI 63112
a A of sah vah to o (before disappeared Dh).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 613

Examples of va sa replaced with vo so --

vah + tRc →hoDhaH vaDh + tR →jhaSastatho vaDh + dhR →STunA vaDh + DhR →DhoDhe va + DhR voDhR- "carrier, puller"

sah + tumun soDhum "to endure"

Example of vA replaced with vo --

ud + vah + luG tas udavADh + DhAm →DhoDhe udavA + DhAm udavoDhAm "both lifted"

KAZIKA sahi vahi ityetayoH avarNasya okAra Adezo bhavati Dhralope. soDhA. soDhum. soDhavyam. voDhA. voDhum. voDhavyam. avarNasya iti kim? UDhaH. UDhavAn. varNagrahaNaM kim? kRtAyAm api vRddhau yathA syAt. udavoDhAm. udavoDham. tAdapi paraH taparaH, taparatvAd AkArasya grahaNaM na syAt.

The a-varNasya word in the rule means "replace a A". pANini might have used asya instead (as it may have the same meaning by aN;uditsa), but is sort of confusing.

anyeSAm api dRzyate ONPANINI 63137
Sometimes other lengthenings are seen.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 615

More than a "rule", this is an excuse. This says that in some cases we are going to hear words that have a long vowel where, according to grammar rules, a short belongs, but that they can be considered correct nonetheless if serious grammarians agree that they are correct because they are found in works that are considered serious.

Example. If one of your students makes up the sentence...

pApaJM carati pUruSaH "a person does evil"

...then you can award him an F with no regrets, because no grammar rule allows the replacing of puruSas with pUruSas.

But if you find the same sentence in bhg chapter 6 verse 36, which is a very serious work...

atha kena prayukto 'yamM pApaJM carati pUruSaH "what compels one to do evil?"

...then pUruSas is just peachy, because pUruSas is found in many old serious works, therefore many grammarians agree it's good.

By a vArttika to this rule, the vowel of zvan- may be lengthened when compounded before danta daMSTra karNa kunda varAha puccha pada --

zunAH karNaH "a dog's ear" →supodhA zvan- + karNa + su →nalopaHprA zva + karNa + s zvAkarNas "a dog's ear"

The word zvApada- is made by this rule when it means "a dog's foot", but I have no idea why it can also mean "a beast of prey".

KAZIKA anyeSAm api dIrgho dRzyate, sa ziSTa-prayogAd anugantavyaH. yasya dIrghatvaM vihitaM, dRzyate ca prayoge, tadanena kartavyam. kezA-kezi. kacA-kaci. jalASAT. nArakaH pUruSaH. zuno danta-daMSTrA-karNa-kunda-varAha-puccha-padeSu. zvAdantaH. zvAdaMSTraH. zvAkarNaH. zvAkundaH. zvAvarAhaH. zvApucchaH. zvApadaH.

cau ONPANINI 63138
(Lengthen vowel) before c(u).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 616

This c(u) is the aJc(u) root (aka aJcati or ac''') that became ac(u) by aniditA and then c(u) by acaH.

Examples --

prati + aJc + TA → prati + ac + TA →acaH prati + c + A pratIcA "with the eastern dude"

prati + aJc @f + su prati + c + GI + su pratIcIs →halGyA pratIcI "the eastern woman"

KAZIKA cau parataH pUrvapadasya dIrgho bhavati. cau iti aJcatir luptanakArAkAro gRhyate. dadhIcaH pazya. dadhIcA. dadhIce. madhUcaH pazya. madhUcA. madhUce. antaraGgo 'pi yaNAdezo dIrghavidhAnasAmarthyAn na pravartate.

halaH ONPANINI 64002
(Lengthen rootfinal stretched a i u,) after consonant.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 618

After stretching roots like jyA hveJ vyA etc, they end in a consonant plus a stretched short vowel, ji hu vi etc. That vowel must then be lengthened, making jI hU vI.

Examples --

jyA + kta →grahijyA ji + ta jIta- →lvAdi jIna- "grown old"

hve + kta →vacisvapi hu + ta hUta- "called"

( Not same as huta- "poured", from hu + ktvA )

vyA + kta →vacisvapi vi + ta vIta

A + hve + lyap →vacisvapi Ahu + ya AhUya "after calling"

so we say hUta-, jIna-, saMvIta-, AhUya.

The root veJ "weave" is not affected by this rule, because when it is stretched it becomes u, and this u does not follow a consonant --

veJ + kta →vacisvapi uta- "woven"

KAZIKA aGgAvayavAd dhalo yaduttaraM samprasAraNam tadantasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati. hUtaH. jInaH. saMvItaH. halaH iti kim? utaH. utavAn. aGgAvayavAtiti kim? nirutam. tadantasya iti kim? viddhaH. vicitaH. aNaH ityeva, tRtIyaH. tRtIyA iti vA nipAtanAd atra dIrghAbhAvaH. aGga-grahaNam Avartayitavyam halvizeSaNArtham, aGga-kArya-pratipatty-arthaM ca.

nAmi ONPANINI 64003
( lengthen) before nAm.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 619

Examples --

vRkSa- + Am →hrasvanadyA vRkSa + nAm vRkSA + nAm →Natvam vRkSANAm "of trees"

azva- + nAm azvAnAm "of horses"

kapi- + nAm kapInAm "of horses"

guru- + nAm gurUnAm →Natvam gurUNAm "of teachers"

pitR- + nAm pitRRnAm →Natvam pitRRNAm "of ancestors"

See exception natisRcatasR right below.

na tisR;catasR ONPANINI 64004
but not tisR- catasR-mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 620

Exception to nAmi. tisR- catasR- don't lengthen before nAm.

tri- f + Am →tricaturo tisR + Am → tisR + nAm tisRnAm →Natvam tisRNAm f "of three"

catur- f + Am catasRNAm f "of four"

nR ca ONPANINI 64006
nR (lengthens optionally before nAm)mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 621

Only example --

nR + Am →hrasvana nR + nAm nRRnAm →Natvam nRRNAm "of men"

If we don't take the option --

nR + Am nRNAm "of men"

n%opadhAyAH ONPANINI 64007
nexttolast of n (-ender- stem lengthens before nAm).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 622

We can have nAm after n only if SaTcaturbhyazca made the nAm. Therefore there are exactly five examples --

paJcan- + Am →SaTcaturbhyazca paJcan + nAm paJcAn + nAm →svAdiSva paJcAn (word) + nAm →nalopaHprA paJcAnAm "of five"

saptAnAm "of seven"

aSTAnAm "of eight"

navAnAm "of nine"

dazAnAm "of ten"

The other n-enders get no nAm --

rAjan- + Am → rAjanAm "of kings"

carman- + Am → carmanAm →Natvam carmaNAm "of skins"

KAZIKA nAntasya aGgasya upadhAyAH nAmi parato dIrgho bhavati. paJcAnAm. saptAnAm. navAnAm. dazAnAm. naH iti kim? caturNAm. nAmIty eva, carmaNAm.

sarva-nAma-sthAne c%Asambuddhau ONPANINI 64008
( nexttolast of n stem lengthens) before strong that is not the calling.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 623

I nicknamed this rule as the " rAjAnam rule", after the first example below. That's way better than calling it "sarva rule".

Examples with n-ender nounbases --

rAjan- + am rAjAn- + am → rAjAnam "king"

rAjan- + su rAjAn- + s rAjA "king"

yogin- + su yogIn + s →halGyA yogIn →nalopaHprA yogI "yogi"

Examples with vowel-ender nounbases that got n added at the end by rule nonfunny before zi --

phala- n + jas → phala- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH phalan + zi phalAni "fruits, results"

dadhIni "kinds of curds"

madhUni "kinds of honey"

The calling is strong but does not trigger this rule --

rAjan- + @calling su →halGyA rAjan "hey king; Your Highness"

yogin- + @calling su →halGyA yogin "hey yogi; Your Holiness"

In these two examples, nalopaHprA did not work because of the exception naGisa.

See also the exception inhan.

KAZIKA sarvanAmasthAne ca parato 'sambuddhau nopadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati. rAjA, rAjAnau, rAjAnaH. rAjAnam, rAjAnau. sAmAni tiSThanti. sAmAni pazya. sarvanAmasthAne iti kim? rAjani. sAmani. asambuddhau iti kim? he rAjan. he takSan.

sAnta;mahataH saMyogasya ONPANINI 64010
(Lengthen last vowel) of s -enders and mahat- when they got num.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 624 num

Lengthen last vowel of s -enders and mahat-, when they got num, before a strong that is not the calling.

Examples. mahat- "big" and zreyas- "better" get num from ugidacA before all strong (because they are udit). So this rule works too --

mahat- m + su →ugidacA mahant- + s mahAnt + s →halGyA mahAnt →saMyogAnta mahAn "big"

zreyas- m + su →ugidacA zreyanss zreyAnss →halGyA zreyAns →saMyogAnta zreyAn "best"

Before zi, neuter s-enders and neuter mahat- get their num from napuMsakasyajhalacaH, then this rule lengthens the last vowel --

manas- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH manansi manAnsi →nazcA manAMsi "minds"

cakSus- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH cakSUnsi →nazcA cakSUMsi →kric cakSUMSi "eyes"

mahat- + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH mahant + i mahAnti "big"

Before the calling, this rule does not work, and the last vowel stays short --

zreyas- m + @calling su →ugidacA zreyanss →halGyA zreyan "hey best man"

mahat- m + @calling su →ugidacA mahant- + s →halGyA mahant →saMyogAnta mahan "hey big man"

KAZIKA sakArAntasya saMyogasya yo nakAraH mahatazca tasya upadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati sarvanAmasthAne parataH asambuddhau. zreyAn, zreyAMsau, zreyAMsaH. zreyAMsi. payAMsi. yazAMsi. mahataH svalvapi mahAn, mahAntau, mahAntaH. asambuddhau iti kim? he zreyan. he mahan.

ap;tRn;tRc; svasR;naptR;neSTR; tvaSTR;kSattR;hotR; potR;prazAstRRNAm ONPANINI 64011
(Before strong except calling, lengthen nexttolast) of ap- tRn tRc, svasR naptR neSTR, tvaSTR kSattR hotR, potR prazastR.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 625

Example after ap- --

ap- + jas Apas "the waters"

After a tRc-ender --

netR- + am →RtoGi netar + am netAram "leader"

After svasR- --

svasR- + jas →RtoGi svasar + jas svasAras "sisters"

(Here Rnne did not work because svasR- is a svasrAdi.)

Counterexample before a weak --

ap- + zas → apas "the waters"

Counterexample before strong calling --

kSattR- + @calling →RtoGi kSattar- + @calling →halGyA kSattar "hey charioteer"

as in --

droNasya vacanaM zrutvA dhRtarASTro 'bravId idam | samyag Aha guruH kSattar upAvartaya pANDavAn ||

KAZIKA ab ity etasya, tRn-antasya, tRj-antasya, svasR naptR neSTR tvaStR kSattR hotR potR pazAstR ity eteSAM cAGgAnAm upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati sarvanAmasthAne parato 'sambuddhau. ap ApaH. bahvAmpi taDAgAni iti kecid icchanti, tatra samAsAnto vidhir anityaH iti samAsAnto na kriyate. nityam api ca numam akRtva dIrghatvam iSyate. tRn kartArau kaTAn. vaditArau janApavAdAn. kartAraH. tRc kartArau kaTasya. kartAraH. hartArau bhArasya. hartAraH. svasR svasA, svasArau, svasAraH. naptR naptA, naptArau, naptAraH. neSTR neSTA, neSTArau, neSTAraH. tvaSTR tvaSTA, tvaSTArau, tvaSTAraH. kSattR kSattA, kSattArau, kSattAraH. hotR hotA, hotArau, hotAraH. potR potA, potArau, potAraH. prazAstR prazAstA, prazAstArau, prazAstAraH. naptrAdinAM grahaNamavyutpattipakSe vidhyartham. vyutpattipakSe niyamArtham, evam bhUtAnAm anyeSAM saMjJAzabdAnAM dIrgho mA bhUd iti. pitarau, pitaraH. mAtarau, mAtaraH. asambuddhau iti kim? he kartaH. he svasaH.

in;han;pUS';.AryamNAM zau ONPANINI 64012
But not in han puSan aryaman before au jas am.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 626

Translating this rule in;han;pUS';.AryamNAM zau and the following rule sauca together, they teach --

" Rule rAjAnam won't work on in han puSan aryaman before au jas am. "

Therefore, the i of in-enders does not lengthen before strong au jas am --

yogin- m + au yoginau

yogin- m + jas yoginas

yogin- m + am yoginam

The rootnoun han- is unaffected too --

vRtrahan- m + am vRtrahanam →ekAjutta vRtrahaNam "soldier; the god indra"

puSan- and aryaman- are names of the Sun.

KAZIKA in han pUSan aryaman ity evam antAnAm aGgAnAM zau parata upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati. bahudaNDIni. bahucchatrINi. bahuvRtrahANi. bahubhrUNahAni. bahupUSANi. bahvaryamANi. siddhe satyArambho niyamArthaH, inhanpUSAryamNAm upadhAyaH zAveva dIrgho bhavati na anyatra. daNDinau. chatriNau. vRtrahaNau. pUSaNau. aryamaNau. dIrghavidhirya ihenprabhRtInAM taM viniyamya suTIti suvidvAn. zau niyamaM punareva vidadhyAt bhrUNahanIti tathAsya na duSyet. zAsmi nivartya suTItyavizeSe zau niyamaM kuru vApyasamIkSya. dIrghavidherupadhAniyamAnme hanta yi dIrghavidhau ca na doSaH. suTy api vA prakRte 'navakAzaH zau niyamo 'prakRtapratiSedhe. yasya hi zau niyamaH suTi naitattena na tatra bhavedviniyamyam. hanteH anunAsikasya kvijhaloH kGitIti dIrghatvaM yat tadapi niyamena bAdhyate vRtrahaNi, bhrUNahani iti. katham? yogavibhAgaH kriyate. inhanpUSAryamNAm sarvanAmasthAne eva dIrgho bhavati, na anyatra iti. tataH zau iti dvitIyo niyamaH. zau eva sarvanAmasthAne dIrgho bhavati na anyatra iti. sarvasya upadhAlakSaNasya dIrghasya niyamena nivRttiH kriyate. yas tu na upadhAlakSaNaH sa bhavatyeva. vRtrahAyate. bhrUNahAyate. atha va anuvartamAne 'pi sarvanAmasthAnagrahaNe sAmarthyAdayam avizeSeNa niyamaH. zizabdo hi sarvanAmasthA'M napuMsakasya, na ca tasya anyat sarvanAmasthAnam asti ityavizeSeNa niyamaH. tatra tu napuMsakasya ityetan na azrIyate. tena anapuMsakasya api dIrgho na bhavati. sarvanAmasthAnasaMjJAvidhAne tu napuMsakasya vyApAro 'sti iti tatra niyamaH kriyamaNo napuMsakasya syAt.

sau ca ONPANINI 64013
Before su too.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 627

I translated this rule and the previous rule ( inhan) together. See inhan.

KAZIKA sAv asambuddhau parataH inhan-pUS%AryamNAm upadhAyA dIrgho bhavati. daNDI. vRtrahA. pUSA. aryamA. asambuddhau iti kim? he daNDin. he pUSan. he aryaman.

atv;as-antasya c/AdhAtoH ONPANINI 64014
Non- rootnoun atu-as-enders (lengthen their nexttolast before non- calling strong su).mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 628

The atu-enders are the nounbases that end in at and have label u. For instance, all ktavatu and matup are atu-enders --

dRSTavat- m + su dRSTavAt + s →ugidacA dRSTavAnts →halGyA dRSTavAnt →saMyogAnta dRSTavAn m "he saw"

gomat- m + su gomAt + s gomAn "cattleowner"

This rule affects all as-enders regardless of labels, but only before non- calling strong su --

triziras m + su trizirAs + s →halGyA trizirAs "three-headed, tricephalous, Threeheads (nickname)"

apsaras- f + su apsarAs + s →halGyA apsarAs "naiad"

The calling su is strong, but does not trigger this rule --

he goman

he bhagavan

he triziraH

he apsaraH

or if you don't want to pause after he --

he 'psaraH

This rule won't work when the su is not strong --

gomat- n + su →svamorna gomat "cattle ranch"

ziras- n + su →svamorna ziras "head"

Also won't work when the at-ender is not udit. For instance, sat- "true, real, truth" has no labels --

sat- m + su →halGyA sat "true"

and hasat- from has + zatR is Rdit, but not udit --

has + zatR m + su hasat(R) + su →ugidacA hasants →halGyA hasant →saMyogAnta hasan "that laughs, laughing"

Also won't work on rootnoun-enders. For instance the root gras "eat" makes the rootnoun gras- "eater", that ends in as. piNDagras- and other compounds of gras- are unaffected by this rule --

piNDa + gras mf + su →halGyA piNDagras "piNDa-eater, crow, ancestor"

he piNDagraH "hey freeloader"

KAZIKA avu as ity evam antasya adhAtor upadhAyAH sAv asambuddhau parataH dIrgho bhavati. Davatu bhavAn. ktavatu kRtavAn. matup gomAn. yavamAn. atra kRte dIrghe num-AgamaH kartavyaH. yadi hi paratvAn@ nityatvAc ca num syat, dIrghasya nimittam atUpadhA vihanyeta. as-antasya supayAH. suyazAH. suzrotAH. adhAtoH iti kim? piNDaM grasate iti piNDagraH. carma vaste iti carmavaH. anarthako 'py as-zabdo gRhyate, aninasmaGgrahaNAnyarthavatA ca anarthakena ca tadantavidhiM prayojayanti iti. anta-grahaNam upadeza-prayogaikadezasya apy atvantasya parigrah%Artham, anyathA matupo grahaNam na syAd, upadeze rUpa-nirgraha-hetau nAyam atvantaH iti. asambuddhau ity eva, he goman. supayaH.

anunAsikasya kvi;jhaloH kGiti ONPANINI 64015
(Lengthen nexttolast) of nasal-enders before kvi or serious kGit.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 629

Examples before kta, ktin, that are serious kit --

zam + kta zAm + ta →nazcA zAMta →anusvA zAnta- "calmed down"

zam + ktin f + su zAntis "peace of mind"

Example before kvip, one of the kvi affixes --

pra + zam + kvip + su prazAm + kvip + su →verapRktasya prazAm + su →halGyA prazAm →monodhAtoH prazAn "calm"

This prazAn word is an exception to rule naz chavy a-prazAn, so we say --

prazAn tarati "he crosses calmly"

This rule won't work before ktic, because of exception naktici way below.

KAZIKA anunAsikAntasya aGgasya upadhAyAH dIrgho bhavati kvipratyaye parato jhalAdau ca kGiti. prazAn. pratAn. jhalAdau kiti zAntaH. zAntavAn. zAntvA. zAntiH. Giti khalvapi zaMzAntaH. tantAntaH. yaGlugantAdayaM tas. anunAsikasya iti kim? odanapak. pakvaH. pakvavAn. kvijhaloH iti kim? gamyate. ramyate. kGiti iti kim? gantA. rantA.

aj;jhana;gamAM sani ONPANINI 64016
( iT-less) san lengthens vowel-enders and han gam.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 630

Examples with the vowelender roots plu zru mR --

plu + san plU + sa puplUSa "want to jump"

(no hardsoft before this san because iT-less san is kit after ik )

zru + san zrU + sa zuzrUSa "want to hear"

mR + san mRR + sa mumUrSa "want to die, be about to die"

Example with han --

han + san → jighAMsa

Example with gam (that's the gam(i) that replaces iG "study" by iGazca) --

adhi + iG + san + laT ta →iGazca adhi + gam + sa + ta adhi + gAm + sa + ta adhijigAMsate "he wants to study"

Even though pANini does not bother to say so, this rule does not affect the very common gam root that means "go". So no A here --

saJjigaMsate vatso mAtre "the calf wants to meet his mom"

KAZIKA ajantAnAm aGgAnaM hani-gamyoz ca sani jhal-Adau pare dIrgho bhavati. ajantAnAm vivISati. tuSTUSati. cikIrSati. jihIrSati. han jighAMsati. gam adhijigAMsate. gamer iG-Adezasya iti vaktavyam. iha mA bhUt saJjigaMsate vatso mAtra iti. svargaM lokaM samajigAMsatiti chandasi yad aniGAdezasya api dIrgha-tvaM dRzyate, tad anyeSAm api dRzyate ity anena bhavati. atha vA iha aj-grahaNaM na kartavyam. sani dIrgho bhavati ity etAvad eva sUtraM kartavyam. tatrAcA gRhyamANasya vizeSaNe sati siddham ajantasya dIrghatvam? tat kriyate pravRtti-bhedena gamer api vizeSaNArtham, aj-antasya aGgasya dIrgho bhavati, aj-Adezasya gamer iti. tato na vaktavyam idaM gamer iG-Adezasya iti.